Composition and diversity of soil microbial communities change by introducing Phallus impudicus into a Gastrodia elata Bl.-based soil

Background The Gastrodia elata Bl.

is an orchid, and its growth demands the presence of Armillaria species.

The strong competitiveness of Armillaria species has always been a concern of major threat to other soil organisms, thus disrupting the equilibrium of soil biodiversity.

Introducing other species to where G. elata was cultivated, could possibly alleviate the problems associated with the disequilibrium of soil microenvironment; however, their impacts on the soil microbial communities and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

To reveal the changes of microbial groups associated with soil chemical properties responding to different cultivation species, the chemical property measurements coupled with the next-generation pyrosequencing analyses were applied with soil samples collected from fallow land, cultivation of G. elata and Phallus impudicus , respectively.

Results The cultivation of G. elata induced significant increases ( p  < 0.05) in soil pH and NO_3-N content compared with fallow land, whereas subsequent cultivation of P. impudicus reversed these G. elata- induced increases and was also found to significantly increase ( p  < 0.05) the content of soil NH_4^+-N and AP.

The alpha diversities of soil microbial communities were significantly increased ( p  < 0.01) by cultivation of G. elata and P. impudicus as indicated with Chao1 estimator and Shannon index.

The structure and composition of soil microbial communities differed responding to different cultivation species.

In particular, the relative abundances of Bacillus , norank_o_Gaiellales , Mortierella and unclassified_k_Fungi were significantly increased ( p  < 0.05), while the abundances of potentially beneficial genera such as Acidibacter , Acidothermus , Cryptococcus , and Penicillium etc., were significantly decreased ( p  < 0.05) by cultivation of G. elata .

It’s interesting to find that cultivation of P. impudicus increased the abundances of these genera that G. elata decreased before, which contributed to the difference of composition and structure.

The results of CCA and heatmap indicated that the changes of soil microbial communities had strong correlations with soil nutrients.

Specifically, among 28 genera presented, 50% and 42.9% demonstrated significant correlations with soil pH and NO_3-N in response to cultivation of G. elata and P. impudicus .

Conclusions Our findings suggested that the cultivation of P .

impudicus might have potential benefits as result of affecting soil microorganisms coupled with changes in soil nutrient profile.