The Brazilian national prospective active surveillance (AS) cohort of patients with low-risk prostate cancer in the public health system: vigiaSUS study protocol

Background Prostate cancer exhibits a very diverse behaviour, with some patients dying from the disease and others never needing treatment.

Active surveillance (AS) consists of periodic PSA assessment (prostate-specific antigen), DRE (digital rectal examination) and periodic prostate biopsies.

According to the main guidelines, AS is the preferred strategy for low-risk patients, to avoid or delay definitive treatment.

However, concerns remain regarding its applicability in certain patient subgroups, such as African American men, who were underrepresented in the main cohorts.

Brazil has a very racially diverse population, with 56.1% self-reporting as brown or black.

The aim of this study is to evaluate and validate the AS strategy in low-risk prostate cancer patients following an AS protocol in the Brazilian public health system.

Methods This is a multicentre AS prospective cohort study that will include 200 patients from all regions of Brazil in the public health system.

Patients with prostate adenocarcinoma and low-risk criteria, defined as clinical staging T1–T2a, Gleason score ≤ 6, and PSA < 10 ng/ml, will be enrolled.

Archival prostate cancer tissue will be centrally reviewed.

Patients enrolled in the study will follow the AS strategy, which involves PSA and physical examination every 6 months as well as multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) every two years and prostate biopsy at month 12 and then every two years.

The primary objective is to evaluate the reclassification rate at 12 months, and secondary objectives include determining the treatment-free survival rate, metastasis-free survival, and specific and overall survival.

Exploratory objectives include the evaluation of quality of life and anxiety, the impact of PTEN loss and the economic impact of AS on the Brazilian public health system.

Discussion This is the first Brazilian prospective study of patients with low-risk prostate cancer under AS.

To our knowledge, this is one of the largest AS study cohort with a majority of nonwhite patients.

We believe that this study is an opportunity to better understand the outcomes of AS in populations underrepresented in studies.

Based on these data, an AS national clinical guideline will be developed, which may have a beneficial impact on the quality of life of patients and on public health.

Trial registration Clinicaltrials registration is NCT05343936.