Analyzing heterogeneity in Alzheimer Disease using multimodal normative modeling on imaging-based ATN biomarkers

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have applied normative modeling on a single neuroimaging modality to investigate Alzheimer Disease (AD) heterogeneity.

We employed a deep learning-based multimodal normative framework to analyze individual-level variation across ATN (amyloid-tau-neurodegeneration) imaging biomarkers.

METHODS: We selected cross-sectional discovery (n = 665) and replication cohorts (n = 430) with available T1-weighted MRI, amyloid and tau PET.

Normative modeling estimated individual-level abnormal deviations in amyloid-positive individuals compared to amyloid-negative controls.

Regional abnormality patterns were mapped at different clinical group levels to assess intra-group heterogeneity.

An individual-level disease severity index (DSI) was calculated using both the spatial extent and magnitude of abnormal deviations across ATN.

RESULTS: Greater intra-group heterogeneity in ATN abnormality patterns was observed in more severe clinical stages of AD.

Higher DSI was associated with worse cognitive function and increased risk of disease progression.

DISCUSSION: Subject-specific abnormality maps across ATN reveal the heterogeneous impact of AD on the brain.

;Comment: Under review in Alzheimer's & Dementia