Asthma and COVID-19 Outcomes: A Prospective Study in a Large Health Care Delivery System

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies on the outcomes of asthma and COVID-19 have shown inconsistent results.

This study aimed to elucidate the association between asthma and COVID-19 outcomes.

METHODS: We conducted a prospective study with a large health plan to compare the incidence of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization and ICU admission in a cohort of 41,282 patients with asthma and a 1:1 age-, sex-, and race-ethnicity-matched cohort without asthma across the following pandemic periods: pre-Delta (03/01/2020 to 05/31/2021), Delta (06/01/2021 to 12/31/2021), and Omicron (01/01/2022 to 08/13/2022).

Demographic factors, comorbidities, COVID-19 test results, inpatient utilization, and COVID-19 vaccination status were collected from electronic health records.

RESULTS: Subjects with asthma were more likely than controls to undergo COVID-19 testing during the three pandemic periods and were less likely to test positive in the Omicron period (fully adjusted odds ratio=0.92; 95% CI=0.86–0.98; p=0.01).

Relative to controls, patients with asthma had an increased risk of hospitalization for COVID-19 (fully adjusted hazard ratio=1.33; 95% CI=1.08–1.64; p=0.01) and borderline significant (p=0.05) higher rates of ICU admissions in the pre-delta period but not during the delta or Omicron periods.

The increased risk of COVID-19 hospitalization associated with asthma was more pronounced in patients with severe asthma and in women compared with men.

None of the associations were significantly modified by vaccination status.

CONCLUSION: Asthma was associated with a lower risk of COVID-19 infection but only during the Omicron period.

Asthma was an independent risk factor for hospitalization for COVID-19 in the pre-delta period and this association was stronger for severe asthma and in women.