Estimating the incidence of COVID-19, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infection in three regions of Queensland, Australia, winter 2022: findings from a novel longitudinal testing-based sentinel surveillance programme

OBJECTIVE: The 2022 Australian winter was the first time that COVID-19, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were circulating in the population together, after two winters of physical distancing, quarantine and borders closed to international travellers.

We developed a novel surveillance system to estimate the incidence of COVID-19, influenza and RSV in three regions of Queensland, Australia.

DESIGN: We implemented a longitudinal testing-based sentinel surveillance programme.

Participants were provided with self-collection nasal swabs to be dropped off at a safe location at their workplace each week.

Swabs were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR.

Symptomatic participants attended COVID-19 respiratory clinics to be tested by multiplex PCR for SARS-CoV-2, influenza A and B and RSV.

Rapid antigen test (RAT) results reported by participants were included in the analysis.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Between 4 April 2022 and 3 October 2022, 578 adults were recruited via their workplace.

Due to rolling recruitment, withdrawals and completion due to positive COVID-19 results, the maximum number enrolled in any week was 423 people.

RESULTS: A total of 4290 tests were included.

Participation rates varied across the period ranging from 25.9% to 72.1% of enrolled participants.

The total positivity of COVID-19 was 3.3%, with few influenza or RSV cases detected.

Widespread use of RAT may have resulted in few symptomatic participants attending respiratory clinics.

The weekly positivity rate of SARS-CoV-2 detected during the programme correlated with the incidence of notified cases in the corresponding communities.

CONCLUSION: This testing-based surveillance programme could estimate disease trends and be a useful tool in settings where testing is less common or accessible.

Difficulties with recruitment meant the study was underpowered.

The frontline sentinel nature of workplaces meant participants were not representative of the general population but were high-risk groups providing early warning of disease.