Role of plasma fibrinogen and D-dimer as prognostic biomarkers in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

Background We aimed to evaluate the role of plasma fibrinogen and D-dimer as prognostic biomarkers in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).

Methods The prospective study included 35 patients (30 males) with newly diagnosed NMIBC with no history of thromboembolic event or anti-coagulant intake or active infection and underwent complete trans-urethral resection between September 2020 and December 2021.

Patients with deranged hepato-renal functions, refractory hypertension or diagnosed with COVID-19 infection with in one-month before surgery or routine follow-up were excluded.

Follow-up was done as per NCCN guidelines.

Fibrinogen and D-dimer levels were measured with in seven days of surgery or follow-up and analyzed for recurrence-free survival (RFS) and progression-free survival (PFS).

Cox regression analyses were adopted to assess the influence of these two parameters on RFS and PFS.

Results The mean age was 53.9 years with a median follow-up of 9-months.

Nine had recurrence of which six had progression.

The cut-off values of fibrinogen and D-dimer were 402.5 mg/dl and 0.55 µg/ml, respectively.

Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated that high fibrinogen and D-dimer levels were significantly related to poor RFS and PFS ( p  < 0.001).

On multivariate analysis only fibrinogen and D-dimer retained their significance for RFS ( p  = 0.026 and 0.014, respectively) and PFS ( p  = 0.027 and 0.042, respectively).

High levels of fibrinogen and D-dimer were also present in patients who had recurrence or progression at follow-up visits compared to rest of the patients.

Conclusions High levels of fibrinogen and D-dimer may indicate worse prognosis in patients with NMIBC, suggesting that these two can be used as prognostic biomarkers.