Recent HIV infection and associated factors among newly diagnosed HIV cases in the Southwest Ethiopia Regional State: HIV case-based surveillance analysis (2019–2022)

Background Globally, there were an estimated 39 million people living with HIV with 1.3 million new HIV infections by the end of 2023.

The Sub-Saharan Africa accounted 51% of new HIV infections.

HIV case-based Surveillance collects data on newly diagnosed HIV cases, recent HIV infections, and other sentinel events, aiding evidence-based decision making.

There is limited evidence on these in Ethiopia.

The objective of this study is to determine the incidence proportion of recent infections and associated factors among newly diagnosed HIV cases and their distribution by person, place, and time in the Southwest Ethiopia Regional State.

Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on HIV case-based surveillance dataset (July 2019 to June 2022) from the Southwest Ethiopia Regional State.

Recent HIV infection is an infection that acquired within the last 12 months as diagnosed by Asante recency test kits.

Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.

ArcGIS version 10.8 was used for mapping recent infections.

Logistic regression was employed to identify factors associated with recent infections.

In multivariable logistic regression analysis, variables with p -value < 0.05 and an adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval were considered to declare significant association.

Results A total of 1,167 newly diagnosed HIV cases (eligible cases) were identified.

Among these, 786 (67.3%) recency tests were performed.

The mean age of individuals with recent infection was 28.4 years.

The proportion of recent infection is 89 (11.3%, 95% CI: 11.2, 11.5%).

The highest proportion of recent infection is reported from the West Omo zone (42.9%), whereas 13.2% in Bench Sheko zone.

Recent infection is significantly associated with age 15–24 years [AOR = 7.14, 95%CI: 2.89,17.57], age 25–34 years [AOR = 5.34, 95%CI: 2.20,12.94], females [AOR = 2.03, 95%CI: 1.26,3.25], and contact history with the index case [AOR = 0.48, 95%CI: 0.28, 0.83].

The incidence of recent infection increased from 86 (in 2019/20) to 132 (in 2022) recent infections per 1,000 newly diagnosed cases.

Conclusions Recent HIV infection is a public health concern in the Southwest Ethiopia Regional State with an increasing incidence.

Targeted prevention efforts are necessary, especially for females and younger people.