JAG1 Intracellular Domain Enhances AR Expression and Signaling and Promotes Stem-like Properties in Prostate Cancer Cells

SIMPLE SUMMARY: The expression of androgen receptor variants (AR-Vs) is associated with the development of advanced castration-resistant prostate cancers (CRPCs), while prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs) have been evaluated as the most dangerous malignant seeding cells.

In this study, we found that the overexpression of the processed intracellular domain of JAG1 (JICD) increased the expression of AR-Vs in prostate cancer (PC) cells and enhanced the transactivation of ARs in an androgen-independent as well as androgen-dependent manner.

In addition, JICD increased the expression of CSC markers, such as CD133, and altered the expression of components in PCSC-related signaling pathways.

These results, together with the increase in cell mobility and stimulation of tumorigenesis by JICD overexpression, suggest a crucial role of JICD in enhancing androgen independence and promoting stem-like properties in PC cells, driving PC cells to be AR positive and CD133(high) with high self-renewal and survival ability.

ABSTRACT: JAG1 expression is upregulated in high-grade metastatic prostate carcinomas and associated with poor disease-free survival of patients with prostate cancer.

Intriguingly, all JAG1-positive prostate carcinomas express JICD although JICD function in prostate cancer (PC) cells is poorly understood.

In this study, we found that JICD overexpression increased the expression levels of AR, especially AR-Vs, in PC cell lines and significantly enhanced androgen-independent and androgen-dependent function of ARs.

Interestingly, JICD overexpression upregulated the expression of the PCSC marker CD133 in PC cells as the expression of self-renewal markers; namely, NANOG and OCT3/4 increased.

In addition, JICD overexpression highly increased the expression of anti-apoptotic BCL-XL protein, while it little affected the expression of apoptotic BIM protein.

In 3D cell culture assays, the spheres formed by JICD-overexpressing PC subline cells (C4-2 and CWR22Rv1) were larger than those formed by control (EV) subline cells with undifferentiated morphology.

Although JICD overexpression caused quiescence in cell proliferation, it activated the expression of components in PCSC-related signaling pathways, increased PC cell mobility, and promoted in vivo xenograft mouse tumorigenesis.

Therefore, JICD may play a crucial role in enhancing androgen independence and promoting stem-like properties in PC cells and should be considered a novel target for CRPC and PCSC diagnostic therapy.